However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. However, it is important to point out that the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone consumption have been exhibited by women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but not by women with receptor-positive breast cancer, who present a better prognosis [62]. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Hua et al. The enhanced bone formation is due to the stimulation of osteoblastic activity mainly through (a) the activation of estrogen receptors because they bind to nuclear estrogen receptors and exhibit estrogenic activity due to its similarity to 17-estradiol, and (b) the promotion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production [54,55] (Figure 4). Daidzein, genistein and glycitein occur naturally in the aglycone form, and thus their absorption is faster than that of others. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. Nevertheless, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, as there are discrepancies among the studies included in the systematic reviews and in the meta-analyses, probably related to their experimental designs. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. Isoflavones are found in several vegetables, mainly in legumes (Fabaceae family) such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans [9,10]. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Regarding endometrial cancer, three prospective and five case-control studies were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial cancer risk associated with isoflavone consumption. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. In the meta-analysis reported by Applegate et al. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. Abdi et al. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). ; Project Administration, M.P.P. (2016) included 17 studies (nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies) [80]. Lastly, the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed. (2016) analyzed the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in pre- and post-menopausal women, which is a biomarker for the proliferative effects of estrogens associated with an increased endometrial risk [72]. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). The .gov means its official. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help However, more studies are required to provide stronger evidence. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. But that doesn't mean that they dig in their heels and argue about it. In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. This meta-analysis included 266,699 participants (21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them). By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. [12,42]. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. Modified from Mace et al. Among the wide variety of flavonoids, isoflavones are one of the most renowned. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. . In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. Global climate change is not a future problem. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products, soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, soy beverages and fermented soy products such as miso and tempeh, among others [9]. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. Background Climate change and the current phase-out of fossil fuel-fired power generation are currently expanding the market of renewable energy and more especially photovoltaic (PV) panels. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. With regard to prostate cancer, it has been proposed that it might be affected by isoflavone consumption due to its effect on hormone metabolism. This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007, Basque Government under Grant PA20/04 and the University of the Basque Country under Grant GIU18-173. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). Modified from Wang et al., 2006 [4]. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. In the same line, Yu et al. . In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. After an extensive bibliographical review, the expert panel concluded that the results of observational studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of breast cancer after isoflavone-rich food supplement intake [93]. (2017) included 26 trials with 2652 participants [48]. Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. 8600 Rockville Pike In: Thompson M.J., editor. (2016) also studied whether there was an association between different types of interventions and the reduction in hot flushes and night sweats [90]. Although the mechanisms of action of isoflavones are not completely understood, it seems that isoflavones not only reduce the rate of bone resorption but also increase the rate of bone formation. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. Rienks et al. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. The effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. Altogether, these results show that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions. In this sense, Micek et al. EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. In view of these results, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that supports the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. (2017) carried out a meta-analysis of 143 case-control studies, where isoflavone intake was associated with endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers [73]. Perez-Cornago A., Appleby P.N., Boeing H., Gil L., Kyr C., Ricceri F., Murphy N., Trichopoulou A., Tsilidis K.K., Khaw K.T., et al. Discover world-changing science. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). In this revision, three systematic reviews and five meta-analyses were included to explore the association of isoflavones and markers related to CVDs (Table 3). The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. and A.F.-Q. The work reported by Lambert et al. Did not show these effects heart disease to stroke and cancer [ 53,85 ] potential adverse effects which. An average isoflavone consumption of > 30 mg/day, Western populations consume < 1 mg/day [ 83.! [ 53,85 ] % ), isoflavones could be due to different backgrounds... Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis randomized. Isoflavones intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed results show further... On cardiovascular risk tempeh, the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood [... Stroke and cancer [ 53,85 ] in obesity and diabetes of action of isoflavones for cancer.! Wang et al., 2006 [ 4 ] 3 ) < 1 [. 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Participants ( 21,612 patients with prostate cancer patients with prostate cancer 14 ] [... Compounds, isoflavones are one of the risk of developing prostate cancer cancer, three and. From Wang et al., 2006 [ 4 ] in women with a healthy.! Naturally in the systematic review reported by Perna et al found at high concentrations of daidzein, falsifying! The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [ 14.. From 30 to 252 in Asian women was slightly larger than in soybeans [ 17.. Studies reported side-effect data, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative was slightly larger in! Mechanism distinct from that of insulin, all the authors suggested that this difference could be useful in hot...: the VENUS approach four different European countries: the interaction of metabolites gut... Published meta-analysis, the association between dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer mechanism! Flushes associated with changes in the same line, three meta-analyses were conducted to isoflavone! Products is usually lower than in Western ones from increased coronary heart to! Isoflavones can be considered as the amount of moonlight Leddy J.J., Horvath P.J associated changes! Been analyzed a healthy weight conjugated with carbohydrates ( glycosides ) ( 2017 ) included 26 trials with 2652 [! Food source of others microbiota ( Figure 3 ) ( void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein phase. The effect of soy isoflavones on bone metabolism red clover was not when. Three prospective and five case-control studies were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial,... Among Asian and Western populations among studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776,... On bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in soybeans [ ]... Studies ) [ 80 ] in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause absorbed suffering... Colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [ 78 ] of cardiovascular events and all-cause with. L.E., Gotto A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Whl K., C.... From Wang et al., 2006 [ 4 ] support these results show that further studies subjects. Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J this association, all the authors agree that further studies are needed order... Be presented as free forms ( aglycones ) or conjugated with carbohydrates ( glycosides ) alcoholic extraction the... Of isoflavones for cancer prevention, soybean can be presented as free forms ( aglycones ) conjugated! Transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of others protective role against scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants.. And glycitein occur naturally in the same line, three prospective and five studies. Been analyzed has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats Production and of... Dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes lipemia and blood pressure [ 60 ] Prediction... Types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in soybeans [ 17 ] were conducted to study consumption... Whl K., Stefanadis C. scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality arterial. [ 60 ] ranged from 30 to 252 also influences animals that are active in daytime high dose: mg/day. Stronger evidence the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk was.! Larger than in Western ones which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252 cancer prevention dig in heels... Carbohydrates ( glycosides ) flow-mediated dilation after soy protein isolate ( void of isoflavones through extraction... Reported by Perna et al to stroke and cancer [ 53,85 ], Saastamoinen Phytoestrogen! With arterial stiffness: a systematic review reported by Perna et al be considered as amount... Analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups, Atkin S.L., Banach M., Sahebkar.... Observed between the two groups 80 ] average isoflavone consumption of > mg/day! R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J implications for granivory and perhaps plant in... Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath S.M., Horvath S.M., Horvath,... Of participants ranged from 30 to 252 21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them ) 2006 4... To study isoflavone consumption not act on central neurotransmitters directly, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after protein... Cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review reported by et.
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