WebPhenomenological Research Methods Clark Moustakas - Michigan School of Professional Psychology, Center for Humanistic Studies, Detroit, MI, USA Other Titles in: No purchase required. We found other relevant content for you on other SAGE platforms. doi: 10.1023/A:1010086224341. Such uncertainty is due to the multidimensional aspects that constitute and form an individuals experiences, including ongoing and mediated behaviour (Karpov and Haywood, 1998), feelings, and cognition. It is that we either assume that the social world and a phenomenon do exist outside of our consciousness (see, for example, Vygotsky, 1962; Burge, 1979, 1986), or that they do not, but we are able only, as individuals, to interact with it and produce meaning for it through a conscious act. The term reduction, coined by Husserl, is regarded by Hycner (1999) as unfortunate, because it has nothing to do with the reductionist natural science To minimise this necessary risk, it is recommended to ask external reviewers to be independent judges and check for consistency under the themes that are selected. At this stage, the attitude is to go through the transcripts with an open-minded attitude, as much as possible (Hycner, 1985). doi: 10.1007/s11245-016-9444-6, Zahavi, D. (2020). Concerning variations in the application of the phenomenological method. No definite line distinguishes or separates these two approaches or attitudes. (2011b). Used by Microsoft as a unique identifier. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 787-818. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0441. Given that Sauls ministry from this point forward (Acts 13:9) is primarily to non-Jews, it is understandable that he is referred to by his nonJewish name, except during his recounting of his testimony (Acts 22:7, 13; 26:14) (Nichol, 1953). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. (2006). Competing paradigms in qualitative research, in Handbook of Qualitative Research. Phenomenological Research Methods. This illustrative framework of the philosophical constructs and applicability of phenomenological paradigms is based on a comparative study of Pharaohs lived experiences during and after the plagues (Exodus 7 12; 14 NKJV) and the lived experiences of Saul/Paul before and after his Damascus road encounter (Acts 7 28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Res. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Dilthey Selected Writings. By: Clark Moustakas. Only after the death of the firstborn did Pharaoh finally acquiesce to Gods instruction to let Israel go (Ex 12:31). Click below to get started! Sousa, D. (2014). Ihde, D. (2012). Regent's Campus was ranked among the "Top 20 Best College Campuses in America: 2019-22". doi: 10.1080/03057925.2012.722347. A., Renfrow, D. G., and Howard, J. 10, 35. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Structural: agency theory: decision-maker acts in best self-interest, even though not in the best interest of the organization. The unstructured interactive interview: issues of reciprocity and risks when dealing with sensitive topics. Getting it quite wrong: van Manen and smith on phenomenology. These narratives also illustrate the intricacies and potential vulnerabilities of leader decision-making and the highly variable outcomes dependent upon leaders that demonstrate obstinance and commitment escalation, or humility to accept reality and rescind poor decisions. As Giorgi (1985), Van Manen (1990), Moustakas (1994), and other phenomenologists have stated, interviewing individuals who experience specific phenomena is the foundation source that phenomenological investigation relies on to understand the phenomenon. It also allows the participants to evaluate the researchers reflection. It should be mentioned, however, that in the phenomenological practise, shifting from a descriptive to an interpretive attitude is interpretive so far (Klein and Westcott, 1994, p. 141). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Qual. In the wider field of media arts practice engagement with virtual worlds as spaces for artistic practice (and protest), challenges Leipzig, Germany: Central Institute for Youth Research. In all these respects, the complexity of experience becomes especially evident in certain investigative contexts such as the one we decided to explore, that is the study of the cross-cultural interactions of individuals who experience a transition from their own cultural and educational social context to a different one. Personal. The epistemological question needs to be answered from both positions. Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. New York, NY: McGraw Hill/Open University Press. Sadly, Pharoahs decision brought about the tenth and last plague, death of the firstborn, which physically and emotionally devastated his people (Ex 11:1-10; 12:29, 30). Humanist. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. After constructing textural descriptions for each participant, it is time to deploy the imaginative variation mode again to search for essential structures that could encompass the entire textural description of the participant: a possible theme that could be the essential structure of the experience of this participantessential in the sense that the experience could not be described without this theme, or themes. At the time of his pivotal experience, he was on his way to perpetrate more of this behavior specifically against the believers in Damascusto arrest and imprison them (Acts 9:1,2). Phenomenological psychology: Husserls static and genetic methods. In this article, we have presented a hybrid phenomenological method embedded in qualitative analysis that we suggest should be deployed in educational research. Discipline: Anthropology, Business and Management, Criminology and Criminal Justice, This strategic mode can guide the researcher to shift from the descriptive to the interpretive attitude. Researchers wishing to conduct, View 7 excerpts, cites background and methods, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 45(1), 27-60. This aim is characterised by the research design as exploratory (e.g., Blumer, 1986; Stebbins, 2001; Ritchie and Lewis, 2003). Phenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. Therefore, the assumption held here is that knowledge is the outcome of a conscious act towards the thing to be known (Hughes and Sharrock, 1997). Qual. The direction and proposal concerning the activities should be open enough to accommodate the complexity and ambiguity that surrounds any examined phenomenon. Therefore, to avoid confusion around the term horizon, the term is presently substituted by the expression meaning units, as this term refers directly to what is being achieved at this stage of data explication. However, to best understand the approach to With this in mind, we present an overview of our research aims and the attributes that they involve: exploration and philosophical assumptions about sought knowledge. 1. During this process the researchers, examine the phenomenon by strictly adhering to the invivo narrative 2016; Giorgi, 2008, 2009, 2012; Moustakas, 1994; Vagle, 2018). Can. Besides this specific study case, the same hybrid methodology, as shall be suggested, may be applied to the study of similar types of social environments and groups. The concepts of noema, noesis, noetic-noematic, and epoche in transcendental phenomenology exist in relative abstraction and complexity (Moustakas, 1994), and often lack relevant examples. A phenomenological qualitative method allows to track empathy and recognition of both the researchers and the participants subjectivity in relation to the phenomenon being explored. Inq. Polkinghorne, D. E. (1989). This should all be done in the primary language spoken by the participants (i.e., native language or most used language, since native language is not always the best know languageespecially in individuals who grew up or were educated in a language other than the language of the family of origin) to allow participants to express their experience by using their tools (Vygotsky, 1962). Blanche, M. T., and Durrheim, K. (1999). The notion of phenomenological horizon has been conceptualised differently according to which philosophical perspective is adopted. Qual. It shall be noted that usually applying phenomenology within qualitative methods is seen as working with a version of factual variation that, in comparison to imaginative variation, works with qualitative data (as described in Hffding and Martiny, 2016). The phenomenological reduction process assists the researcher with this, allowing the researcher to keep an open mind and listen in a receptive manner to the participants descriptions of the studied phenomenon process (Moustakas, 1994). A form of phenomenological reduction (Moustakas, 1994), clustering these significant statements and meaning units (Moerer-Urdahl & Creswell, 2004; Moustakas, 1994) together in a variety of ways produced themes of common experience (Moustakas, 1994). Noema is defined as not the real object but the phenomenon, not the tree but the appearance of the tree (Moustakas, 1994, p. 29), that which is perceived as such (p. 30), and that which is experienced, the what of experience, the object-correlate (p. 69). Invariant meaning units are the non-repetitive or overlapping statements that explicitly or implicitly capture a moment, or several moments, of what has been experienced (i.e., the texture of the experience). doi: 10.2307/2185131. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Clarifying the lifeworld: descriptive phenomenology, in Qualitative Research in Health Care. Editorial: determining sample size. Dev. Alhazmi, A. In spite of multiple tangible evidences of an unwise decision, counsel from advisors, the obliteration of crops and structures, and the physical and emotional sufferings of his people, Pharaoh remained in a state of continued escalation of commitment. As Giorgi (1985), Van Manen (1990), Moustakas (1994), and other phenomenologists have stated, aspects that are core to the interviews are the following: (1) general attributes of the conducted interviews, (2) criteria of selection for potential participants, (3) ethical considerations of dealing with human participants, and (4) the interviewing procedures and some examples. He illustrates five human science research approaches that utilize qualitative This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 26 Jul 1994 -. (2011), power drives confidence, and individuals in power want to keep those positions. All we can say is that, as human beings, we are biased towards interpretations that are centred upon an object-based or thing-based world. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Int. WebMoustakas' (1994) ideas in Creswell's Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design are good recommendations for the researcher to keep balanced between subjectivity and objectivity. Given the findings of Fast et al. 39, 107116. These terms when understood create more value and richness in the study of human experience, yet perhaps are shunned due to a lack of opportunity to apply them in a familiar context. Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Conducting descriptive interviews that allow participants to share and describe their lived experiences. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. In the scenes of the first and second plagues (water becomes blood; frogs), Pharaoh justified his disbelief, disobedience, and decision, since his magicians and sorcerers replicated the plague (Ex 7:22,23; 8:7, 15). Psychology From an Empirical Standpoint. The term noesis is defined as the perfect self-evidence (p. 30), the the act of perceiving, feeling, thinking, remembering, or judging (p. 69), the way in which the what is experienced, the experiencing, or act of experiencing, the subject-correlate (p. 69). According to Spinelli (2005, p. 15), We have no idea whether things in themselves truly exist. WebThe researcher used some steps from Moustakass analysis data of transcendental phenomenology 1994 namely: 1 Before interviewing and processing the data, the researcher must be neutral, without any position to avoid the bias epoche 2 through phenomenological study, the researcher described some experiences from the studied phenomena, 3 the This assumption leads to the next epistemological assumption held in this investigation, which claims that knowing other peoples experiences is the outcome of constructed and dialogical knowledge. The researchers aim is that of identifying the essential and invariant structure (i.e., the essence) of the lived experience as this is described by the participants (Moustakas, 1994; Crotty, 1998; Cresswell, 2008). If the nature of the study is emergent, like in most qualitative research (e.g., Creswell, 2009; Hays and Singh, 2011), the research purpose and questions are emergent too; they grew initially from personal experience and then emerge through the process of conceptualising a research topic around experience being investigated, for example, the experience of cross-cultural transition lived by individuals who move from their own cultural and educational context to a different one. Blum clarified the role of phenomenologist, stating the primary interest is in the experience of that which the subject takes to be transcendent, rather than in the transcendent itself (p. 1030). Sociocultural Studies of Mind. Look for the words HTML. I do not know the Lord, nor will I let Israel go (Ex 5:2). Jarvis, P. (1987). SAGE Research Methods, 2 Mar 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412995658. Gadamer, H.-G., and Linge, D. E. (2008). Vol. Wertz, F. J. Q. Therefore, the knowledge that an individual hold about the phenomenon is mediated and one cannot have pure or unmediated access which is other than a subjective mediated knowledge (Barnacle, 2001, p. 7). (Fast et al., 2011). Tarozzi, M., and Mortari, L. (2010). Flood (2006) identifies noesis and noema in the Bible. you can save clips, playlists and searches, Navigating away from this page will delete your results. Engaging with the interviews has the scope of seeking new views and perspectives about the phenomenon that is being investigated, and not simply to confirm or disconfirm what is already known about that phenomenon. Stud. A purposive sampling method can be used to select the participants. WebWhat is phenomenological reduction in qualitative research? If your library doesnt have access, ask your librarian to start a trial. Steentoft, D. (2005). doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.1.27. WebMoustakas presents the reader with a historical overview and assessment of phenomenological research methodologies along with a review of the philosophical underpinnings of these methods. For what concerns Vygotsky and neo-Vygotskian authors (and their sociocultural perspectives), they facilitate our understanding of the phenomenon of cross-cultural transition and its investigation. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. A function for thought experiments, in The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change (University of Chicago Press), 240265. 3, 625. As a result, Moustakas renderings of key phenomenological terms like transcendental subjectivity, the reduction, and the epoch are inconsistent with Husserls work, as is his account of the critical distinction Husserl makes between the empirical and transcendental ego. Am. 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