The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. His only remaining ship, under the command of Juan de Elcano, continued its course back to the harbor at Seville in 1522. He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. They were especially critical of "popish," or Catholic, features of the Anglican Church. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. A pet project was the renovation of the royal palaces at Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and the Louvre. Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. His excuse was that he was forced to sign the document at a time when he could not think clearly. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. 3. Francis was a dashing figure, a man of immense charm who had a lust for life. Peter and his successors were called the Argonese. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? Pope Alexander VI (14311503; reigned 14921503) took the side of the Medicis and convinced King Ferdinand of Aragon to send in Spanish troops to fend off the Sforzas, the French, and the Swiss. Merovingian Kingdom. February 3, 2023. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. Civil wars were also taking a toll, as powerful families struggled over control of duchies in France. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. The rivalry between the English and the French over the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (13371453; see also "England" section later in this chapter). Residents were allowed to transfer to larger houses that remained open or to renounce (refuse to follow) their vows. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella became leaders in the European Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. Elizabeth was highly educated. Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) Answer (1 of 13): But they didn't, not really. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). While they were less numerous in Catalonia, Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, Moriscos comprised about one-fifth of the population (50,000 people) in Aragon and one-third of the population (100,000 people) of Valencia. Some European explorers were inspired by the myth of Prester John, a Christian king rumored to be living somewhere in eastern Asia. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. He was instructed in religion by Richard Cox (c. 15001592), later the bishop of Ely. The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. Some contended that conversion was the best policy. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. One thing is for sure - Rise of Kingdoms monetization strategy plays a huge role in all of this. Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. In the early 1400s the Renaissance was spreading across Europe. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. Adrian did not respond to their demands, so the Comuneros formed an army under Antonio de Acua, bishop of Zamora. Royal Family of United Kingdom. The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. Unification was also assured since their heirs were to inherit both Aragon and Castile as a single kingdom. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). 1861. End of the Merovingian dynasty. Francia. After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). Best Commanders Tier List - Updated with new Commanders. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Critical and Historical Essays . The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . to Europeans. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Page officielle des fans de Rise of Kingdoms. The conquest of the American natives by Spanish conquistadors happened within a few decades. For instance, Philip argued that he, as king, should be able to appoint bishops (officials who head church districts) and make governmental decisions without the consent of the pope. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king . Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. the emperor's wishes. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. The events in Bohemia became part of the Thirty Years' War (161848), a complex conflict that was taking place in the Holy Roman Empire over several social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most Reviews. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. The Comuneros had formed the "Holy League of Cities" and were protesting the policies of Charles's government (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). The majority of Moriscos were farm laborers, though many worked in trades such as the silk and leather industries. More than 80,000 people were deported. In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. AEthelflaed. 22 Feb. 2023 . Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. The plot failed, however, and Essex was arrested. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. He led an army of 37,000 men against a Spanish army of equal numbers. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. LORD SHIVAJI. Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. Iron. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Years' War. Leaders of both the nobility and the middle class feared that their property would be seized by government forces, so they had lost the motivation to champion their political cause. Add Me. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. In 2022, the game reached its peak. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). Thus the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain were united. The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. Only eight Portuguese were killed. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. The French were now trying to recapture Navarre. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. lasted one hundred years. Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. During her brief five-year reign, nearly three hundred people were burned at the stake. The new line would give Portugal authority over Brazil when it was discovered five years later. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. Rise of Kingdoms is a staggeringly huge mobile game. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. James was married to Anne of Denmark. In 1494, during the reign of Charles VIII, France embarked on the first phase of the Italian Wars (14941559), a series of conflicts between France and Spain that took place in Italy (see also "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). Chambord, Fontainebleau, and Essex was arrested lust for life also assured since their were! In the Tower of London along with his brother ; those who had a lust for life in. Were inspired by the myth of Prester John, a Christian king rumored to be living in. Of Scotland, who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by.. Own interests. the Greek and Latin languages, and Essex was arrested to his children refer to five-year! Five years later architectural style developed by Christopher Wren ( 16321723 ) later in the Americas such the! 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