The crew of guided-missile destroyer USS Russell, pictured in December 2020: U.S. ships are manned by far more experienced personnel. The Moroccan policy of supposedly "reaching out" is perhaps a mere smokescreen aiming to hide the regimes true intentions - of forcing the Algerian generals to initiate hostilities. The governments of both Morocco and Algeria used the war to describe opposition movements as unpatriotic. Nepal. Even within the African Union, Algerias virtual monopoly on the Peace and Security Council, which previously gave the country a platform where it could discuss the Sahrawi question whenever the pan-African institution convened, is a thing of the past. If we must add to this mix Tunisia, which the Moroccan media now labels a new ally of Algiers, Rabat will find itself totally isolated in the Maghreb. Morocco won the confrontation, but Algeria appeared . [23], Weeks of skirmishes along the border eventually escalated into a full-blown confrontation on September 25, 1963, with intense fighting around the oasis towns of Tindouf and Figuig. France actually won the war militarily speaking, the plan Challe killed what is estimated to 50% of the national liberation army of algeria. Morocco, consequently, closed off its borders briefly but Algeria used the decision as an . [4] The unit was made up of 686 men under the command of Efigenio Ameijeiras. Il sintresse aussi aux processus de dmocratisation et de scularisation dans les socits arabo-islamiques, aux conflits identitaires (le mouvement culturel amazigh) et aux questions lies aux migrations forces. Morocco/Algeria: Western Sahara conflict shows signs of escalation. The Africa Report takes an in-depth look at the forces involved. The Polisario Front fought a long war against Morocco to win the independence of the disputed Western Saharan territory. [31] This prompted further attempts at negotiations, but these proved ineffectual as well. First, it should not be forgotten that such an escalation between these countries could hit gas prices, which could be particularly painful for Europe. With hard-hitting investigations, innovative analysis and deep dives into countries and sectors, The Africa Report delivers the insight you need. It is noted that Algeria accuses Morocco of aggression, recalls Western Sahara, which it recognizes as an independent state while the Moroccans view it as a separatist enclave. Even the name "Algeria" was only given by Continue Reading 207 68 Sponsored by Forbes Advisor What are the best home insurance rates of 2023? Numbers released in 2018 by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sipri)show that other countries involved in conflict zones spend less on national defence, including Israel (4.3 percent), the United States (3.2 percent) and Turkey (2.5 percent). But there have been other disputes too, including over Morocco's normalisation of ties with Israel and allegations of spying. This article has been translated from theMEE French edition. In Algeria, the army is the key state institution which much of the countrys well-being is based around; historically, the first leaders of an independent PDRA were military commanders of the National Liberation Front, set up to liberate the country from French colonial forces. [29], Despite internal discontent with the Algerian government, most of the country supported the war effort, which Algerians generally perceived as an act of Moroccan aggression. [11] In the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia (March 18, 1845), which set the border between French Algeria and Morocco, it is stipulated that "a territory without water is uninhabitable and its boundaries are superfluous"[12] and the border is delineated over only 165km. But Algeria's president, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, has already warned Morocco that "their killings will not go unpunished,"as the state news agency APS reports. illinois mask mandate lawsuit plaintiffs; cedarville university jobs; who would win a war between morocco and algeria This is especially true in the run-up to the appointment of the new UN special envoy for Western Sahara, the Italian-Swedish diplomat Staffan de Mistura, with current negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario Front at a standstill, and the voices that preach appeasement and conciliation being consistently ignored. 1983 - Summit between King Hassan and Algerian president prompts thaw . Morocco and Algeria: Is a military showdown coming? They are based on google searches and volume search and are for entertainment purposes. In line with its idea of sovereignty, Algeria views the conflicts taking place in these countries as their internal affairs, which external players should not interfere in. The Moroccan viceroy of Tafilalt who was in charge of collecting tribute from the region refrained from interfering in the conflict, and thus the local tribes were left to fend for themselves. Given the recent heated confrontation between Morocco and Algeria, it should be recalled that the armed forces of these two countries have traditionally been considered the strongest in the Maghreb and generally two of the strongest across Africa. This entry last reviewed on 01/05/2023. Until that point, relations between Algeria and Morocco were icy, but cooperative. One such show of military force was conducted in January 2021, with the backing of Russia. Algerian Foreign Minister . [4] The Royal Moroccan Army soon crossed into Algeria in force and succeeded in taking the two border posts of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub. But without strong evidence, I think they would be hard pushed to launch some kind of military attack in response," Gower said. Zunes, Stephen (1995). 'Jeune Afrique' magazine continues to be banned in Algeria, where it, too, has become a casualty of the tensions between the two countries. Algeria does not want war with Morocco, but it is ready to do so, the article said, and pointed to Algerias allegedly heightened concern about strengthening military cooperation between Israel and Morocco after they signed a defense agreement in November 2021, as a second reason for the strained relations. By Andrew G. Farrand. Who would win in a conventional war between Algeria, Morocco, Egypt vs Angola, Zambia, Rwanda? [5] The demilitarized zone was maintained in the meantime, monitored by the OAU's first multinational peacekeeping force. In the case of UNFP, its leader, Mehdi Ben Barka, sided with Algeria, and was sentenced to death in absentia as a result. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has again condemned Russia over its invasion of Ukraine, calling for Moscow's immediate withdrawal and an end to the fighting. [5], On October 5, representatives from Morocco and Algeria convened at Oujda to negotiate, but they were unable to deliver a solution. Colonial past. The Sand War led to heightened tensions between the two countries for several decades. Algeria tourist visa is not required for citizens of Morocco for a stay up to 90 days. It can also tip over into an all-out conflict if Algeria allows and supports the Polisario Front in going beyond today's military commitments. While the Algerian army is based on the Soviet-Russian model, the Moroccan army is more like a copy of the US army. But in a pre-recorded video shown at the UN assembly, Moroccos foreign minister said Algeria needed to shoulder its responsibility for perpetuating an invented regional conflict, demanding that Algiers stop protecting a group of armed separatists in gross violation of international humanitarian law. The U.N. General Assembly voted overwhelmingly on Thursday, the eve of the first anniversary of Russia's invasion, in favor of a resolution calling for an end to the war and demanding that . It resulted largely from the Moroccan government's claim to portions of Algeria's Tindouf and Bchar provinces. Although relations between Algeria and Morocco have never been smooth and rosy, recently they have turned from semi-cold to open hostility. Algeria's foreign policy is driven by pragmatism. Federica Saini Fasanotti. Complete the form and download, for free, the highlights from The Africa Reports Exclusive Ranking of Africas top 200 banks from last year. Online tool for comparing the current military strengths of two world powers. The West Papua independence movement is making itself heard, The US wants to Impose a New Economic Paradigm on the World. In this paper, I argue that the Algeria-Morocco diplomatic crisis is a modern-day "Sand War," taking escalation from the previous internal conflict of the '60s and modernizing the mechanisms and problem at hand that have continuously stirred conflict in the Northern Africa region. Diplomatic disputes between the two countries occur frequently, usually related to their opposing stances on the Western Sahara issue.The two fought a short border war in 1963 and Algeria is the host and main supporter of the Polisario Front, which seeks . [22] However, one of the FLN's primary objectives was to prevent France from splitting the strategic Sahara regions from a future Algerian state. Give yourself a headstart: Like Brezhnev did in Afghanistan, Putin overreached . With international attention concentrated for weeks on Russian forces amassed at Ukraine's borders, fewer resources have been spent anticipating the many second- and third-order effects that conflict between these two countries could trigger worldwide. It is a move that Algerian diplomats are well acquainted with, having long used it themselves to contain the manoeuvres of Moroccos foreign ministry - witness the countless large-scale military operations organised by the Algerian army in each of its militarised regions, and especially on the Moroccan border. Morocco has a comparable armed force, the mainstay of which is 400 Abrams tanks, one of the most modern modifications, and about 3,000 tanks of older models. Network edition New Eastern Outlook 2010-2023 Republishing of the articles is welcomed with reference to NEO. Three factors contributed to the outbreak of this conflict: the absence of a precise delineation of the border between Algeria and Morocco, the discovery of important mineral resources in the disputed area, and the Moroccan irredentism fueled by the Greater Morocco[9] ideology of the Istiqlal Party and Allal al-Fassi.[10]. Progress on the issue has been at a standstill ever since Morocco and the Polisario Front signed a cease-fire agreement in 1991, but Rabat recently scored a few diplomatic wins, such as the United States' move to recognise Moroccan sovereignty over the territory in late 2020. A laureate of the Royal Military Academy, Farouk began in the infantry, before occupying several key military positions, including commander of the southern provinces, the position he filled for nearly 40 years and that has been virtually vacant since 2017. . This week, the difficult situation has been even further exacerbated, with Algeria ending the contract for a gas pipeline that runs via Morocco to deliver gas to Spain. Three factors contributed to the outbreak of this conflict: the absence of a precise delineation of the border between Algeria and Morocco, the discovery of important mineral . [26], The Algerian military, recently formed from the guerrilla ranks of the FLN's Arme de Libration Nationale (ALN), was still oriented towards asymmetric warfare, and had few heavy weapons. Which African countries are still under French rule. Tensions remain high between Algeria and Morocco over their opposing stances on the status of Western Sahara. Since its independence, Algeria has been a member of the Arab League, the African Union and of the United Nations. [29] The Soviet Union supplied Algeria with ten T-34 tanks, but these were equipped for clearing minefields and were delivered without turrets or armament. In addition, Morocco has been keen on mending ties with various European countries, among them Germany, after several fallouts in the past year. French colonial rule over Algeria spanned 132 years, beginning in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers and lasting until the Algerian War of Independence which concluded in 1962. And it does not help that Algiers embarked on an anything but brotherly arms race some 15 years ago that spurred Rabat to do the same, with Algeria buying up Russian-made military gear and Morocco turning to Western weapons suppliers. The United Nations has attempted to negotiate a settlement on the dispute, but Trump's announcement means the United States will be the first Western nation to officially endorse Morocco's claims. It was also notable for ushering in the first multinational peacekeeping mission carried out by the Organisation of African Unity. [26] The Moroccans were determined to adjust the border, which the Algerians would not allow, resulting in an impasse. [40] The attack was denounced and dramatized by the Moroccan Government. In 1903, France also began expending westwards towards Bechar and Tindouf. [39] The meeting would be held to set up a commission to determine who was responsible for starting the war and to examine the frontier question and suggest methods for bringing about a lasting settlement of the conflict. "The Western Sahara dossier is the bargaining chip that shapes tensions between Algiers and Rabat," Ghebouli told Al Jazeera.. 6. During the Algerian War of Independence, the Algerian rebels received funding from Morocco along with safe havens, arms, and medicine. A war between these two near superpowers is like a fight between twins. Algeria also provided arms and training for Palestinian militants. Who would win in a war between USA vs Egypt, South Africa, Algeria, Nigeria, Ethiopia and UK as allies. [36] Its forces included twenty-two T-34 tanks, eighteen 120-mm mortars, a battery of 57-mm recoilless rifles, anti-aircraft artillery with eighteen guns, and eighteen 122mm field guns with the crews to operate them. In doing so, they have effectively pledged their support to Morocco. This might sound unconventional, but I'd go with blue-chip art. Unprecedented parallel visits by America's top two diplomats to Morocco and Algeria last month suggest that the U.S. is exploring this new opening. Algeria has long supported the Palestine Liberation Organization since the 1970s and Algerian Presidents Houari Boumediene and Chadli Bendjedid both hosted and welcomed Yasser Arafat. While Tebboune has been upfront that his country would go to war with Morocco, both experts believe that there is actually little reason to fear an armed conflict at the moment. who would win a war between morocco and algeria The Algerian civil war . Mohamed Arkoun, a famous Algerian philosopher, recognizes the fact that while modern Algeria was born in the 1960's, Morocco had been a well-known and an established empire/country for centuries before that. 4. In the 1890s, the French administration and military called for the annexation of the Tuat region. The two countries differ most bitterly over the disputed territory of Western Sahara, seen by Morocco as its own but where Algeria backs an armed independence movement. There are expansion plans for that, but they're not due for completion until the end of this year at the absolute earliest," Gower said, adding"there is no back-up plan. Algeria's hostility toward Morocco since its independence in 1962 is considered a real enigma by many foreign observers. Egypt even began sending troops and defense hardware in late October to bolster the Algerian military. It stalled due to unexpectedly stubborn resistance from the town's Algerian and Egyptian garrison. [9], Upon Algerian independence, the FLN announced it would apply the principle of uti possidetis to pre-existing colonial borders. Hostilities between Morocco and Algeria have taken on a new dimension in recent months, especially over the Western Sahara question. P 22.01.2022 ", This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 22:34. Compounding the new Algerian attitude towards Morocco's Western Sahara stance was the outcome of the 1963 Sand War between the two neighbors. The Moroccan UNFP and the Algerian-Berber FFS of At Ahmed both suffered as a result of this. In recent months, antagonisms between Morocco and Algeria . [40], The OAU mediated a formal peace treaty on February 20, 1964. Will a war extinguish hope for the country's popular movement? [29][28] The Algerian army also lacked trucks, aircraft, and jeeps. Source : wikipedia.org worlddata.infoGlobalfirepower================ About Morocco Army English :The Royal Moroccan Army (Arabic: Al-Quwwat al-Bariyah al-Malakiyah al-Maghribiyah, Standard Moroccan Tamazight: tasrdast tagldant) is the branch of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations.The Royal Moroccan Army is about 215,000 troops strong and consists of 195,000 professional soldiers and 20,000 conscripts. [20] The discovery of large deposits of oil and minerals (iron, manganese) in the region led France to define more precisely the territories, and in 1952 the French decided to integrate Tindouf and Colomb-Bechar to the French departments of Algeria. These developments were all it took for both countries media outlets to launch into virulent and often insulting smear campaigns against the opposing side. Morocco spent $5.4bn on its armed forces last year, up by about a third from 2019. The decision was "completely unjustified", Rabat said. [14] Tuat owed religious[15] and tributary allegiance to the Sultans of Morocco, although it was separated from both Algeria and Morocco by a large uninhabited desert. It is the direct successor of the National Liberation Army (ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front, which fought French colonial rule during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962).The People's National Army include the Algerian Land Forces, the Algerian Air Force, the Navy (the Marine de la Rpublique Algrienne), and the Algerian Air Defence Force. About Algeria Army Arabic : (: : : ) . For 2023, Algeria is ranked 26 of 145 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. The appointment of a senior officer whose credentials include several military campaigns inWestern Sahara is an unmistakable message to Algiers: Rabat is ready to respond with military force if Algerias generals continue pressuring Morocco and ultimately initiate hostilities. This view is echoed by Sonja Hegasy who is convinced that "both countries don't have any interest in waging a war on this conflict, so the most realistic scenario is that the bilateral relations are going to continue to stagnate.". The two countries fell out again when Algeria backed the Polisario Front's campaign for Western Sahara's independence from Morocco, leading to the 1975-1991 Western Sahara War. 1976 onwards - Fighting between Moroccan military and Polisario forces; the war is a considerable financial drain on Morocco. Palace security had up till then been overseen by the Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie and the General Directorate for National Security. [39] Finally, the accord suggested an immediate gathering of the Foreign Ministers of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Sahrawi activists demand independence for Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony, during a March 26, 2022, demonstration in Madrid. [25] These factors prompted Hassan to begin moving troops towards Tindouf. The main culprit? How to win the hot war in Ukraine - and the following Cold War. Laura Wrzeski Science Junkie Author has 2.2K answers and 3.6M answer views 1 y Arms dealers would win. Located on the northwest coast of Africa and bordering Morocco, Algeria and Mauritania, Western Sahara - with just 500,000 people - has been the subject of a 47-year territorial dispute between the Polisario Front and Morocco.. Endowed with phosphate and fishing waters, the region became a Spanish colony after the Berlin Conference in 1885. An attack that Algeria says "will not go unpunished" killed three Algerian nationals earlier this week, and now Algiers is accusing its neighbour Morocco of being behind it. Amid growing tensions between the two countries, it reduces the chances of nationalist escalation and incidents that might even lead to war. The main challenge today, therefore, is to reduce diplomatic tensions between Morocco and Algeria, including with the involvement of many external actors, to avoid increasing tensions between these North African states and to prevent provocative actions favoring one of the parties, which the Trump administration previously actively sought to exploit in its geostrategic interests. Algeria tried twice to change the nature of its political system. One of the major agreements between the two countries allowed the U.S. to use an airfield in Southern Algeria to deploy surveillance aircraft. And so the conflict over Western Sahara continues to plague diplomatic relations between Morocco and Algeria, shaping to this day the policies and tactics of both nations, and potentially awakening the old demons of war. Morocco's and Algeria's top military and secret service leaders have risen through the ranks and often led brilliant and sometimes action-packed careers. How did France lose the Algerian War? [16], The French 19th Army Corps' Oran and Algiers divisions fought the At Khabbash, a fraction of the At Ounbgui khams of the At Atta confederation. . Called the War of the Sands, this war refers to the attack of the Algerian army on Moroccan troops which caused the death of 12 Moroccan soldiers. The United States has maintained friendly relations with Algeria throughout the political upheavals of recent years, and the country continues to seek out stronger economic and political ties. The primary mission of the newly appointed senior officer was to oversee operations for developing and modernising Moroccos military industry - with a colossal budget representing roughly 4.5 percent of the countrys GDP in 2020. Over the past fifteen years alone, Algeria has signed a series of major arms purchase contracts with Russia, including Su-30 fighter jets, S-300, S-400 and Pantsir-S1 air defense systems, as well as a batch of 600 T-90S tanks and some 300 Terminator infantry support fighting vehicles. After Moroccan forces carried out an operation to drive Sahrawi separatists out of the Guerguerat crossing point in mid-November, as the rebel group had blocked access to the area, Sahrawi fighters are once again saying a war has erupted between Rabat and the Polisario. Aziz Chahir est docteur en sciences politiques et enseignant-chercheur Sal, au Maroc. In Algiers, Moroccos latest moves have been a clear source of tension at a time when Algerias once highly influential diplomatic corps is starting to pick up the pieces after 20 years of stagnation under former president Abdelaziz Bouteflikas regime. The troops provided training to the Algerians, and their medical team offered the population free healthcare. The war ended in 1962, when Algeria gained independence following the Evian agreements in March 1962 and the self-determination referendum in July 1962. The border between Algeria and . [34] The Cubans offloaded their equipment and transported it to the southwestern front by rail. [8] About 57 Moroccans and 379 Algerians were taken prisoner. Although the Moroccan state did not interfere in the annexation of the Tuat region, several Moroccan tribes independently sent volunteers to fight against the French. [39] The accord mandated a ceasefire for November 2, and announced that a commission consisting of Moroccan, Algerian, Ethiopian, and Malian officers would decide the boundaries of a demilitarized zone. In August 2021, Algeria blamed Morocco and Israel of supporting the Movement for the self-determination of Kabylia, which the Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune accused of being involved in the wildfires in northern Algeria. [23], Multiple actors, including the Arab League, Tunisia's Habib Bourguiba, Libya's King Idris, and Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie, sought to moderate negotiations. Egypt (possibly China) East. The Western Sahara conflict. Leading up to the final days of Trump's period in the White House, the former president signed a decree officially acknowledging (by America) Morocco's claim that the disputed territory is a legitimate sovereign part of the kingdom. Zine Labidine Ghebouli, a political analyst based in Algiers, agrees. In this video, I have compared the air and naval forces of both countries with you================ Arabic : . "Morocco is right to be worried", said the U.S. columnist, stressing that drones may not enable its users to win a war but they can inflict severe damage on various targets, from tourist centers to military installations to vital power grids and power stations. The conflict was a Cold War theater: Algeria was . [38] The United Nations received many pleas to issue a ceasefire appeal, but Secretary-General U Thant wanted to allow regional initiatives to pursue a solution. It doesn't have the capability to handle both at the same time," Gower said. Since 1975, the dominant issue between the two countries has been the conflict in Western Sahara.After the former colonial power Spain withdrew its forces and handed control of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania, Algeria threw its support behind the local Sahrawi people's claims for self-determination and the Polisario movement fighting on their behalf. First of all, this has been caused by provocative actions of external actors regarding the conflict in Western Sahara, and in particular the steps by the Trump administration to recognize Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed territory in late 2020. [37] While Castro had hoped to keep Cuba's intervention covert, and a number of the Cuban personnel wore Algerian uniforms, they were observed by French military and diplomatic staff in Oran and word of their presence soon leaked to the Western press. October to bolster the Algerian war of independence, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt vs Angola,,! Insight you need, with the backing of Russia independence, the US wants to a... Opposing side the West Papua independence movement is making itself heard, the Africa takes. And allegations of spying [ 8 ] about 57 Moroccans and 379 Algerians taken. 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